Language defacement

Shakespeare, among others, is famous for inventing new words, such as bedazzled and addiction. As historically interesting this process of creation is, it is less significant than the process of hijacking existing words and applying them to new contexts to the point that the original meaning becomes an historical fact in itself and an archaic use of old or dead writers. Two examples are the word gay, which used to only mean “happy”, and pryck, which was a sharp pole placed in the corner of field to mark ownership. In the last few decades, the most important driving force behind this piracy is the Internet. It is hard to remember when the words mouse, boot, cookie and worm brought up images of items on a child’s exploration of a field.

Due to its mass use, including by people who don’t actually use a desk computer, Facebook is slowly but surely shaping the connotations of countless terms, both nouns and verbs. Once, a page was clearly a solid white piece of paper (that had to be typed in my day). Nowadays, if someone writes on a page, it is probably on Facebook. English always distinguished between acquaintances and friends, but now you have to say a “personal friend” to ensure understanding of a flesh-and-blood connection. Shame used to be in the context of failing to live up to some expectation, generally in the family.  Shaming now brings up thought of malicious and ugly messages intended to make someone’s life miserable.

The verbs have really been hit by a storm. Posting meant putting a letter in the mailbox. I imagine that such an image is rather strange to anybody under 30. Similarly, liking people often assumed at least having seen them.  This is no longer true. For that matter, sharing was what children had to do with their toys when they were small (generally against their will).  Likewise, reacting required some unusual action, physical and/or verbal, to some stimulus. I doubt how much adrenalin actually flows when people react to my posts.

To clarify, I am not Don Quixote fighting the windmill. I accept, albeit not always with joy, the inevitable dynamics of language. Every generation is shaped by different forces, which forces the shapes of its languages. Granted, it makes it hard for grandparents to understand their grandchildren but that has already been difficult for many generations. Still, I suffer from nostalgia for the time when everybody understood each other, even if that was an illusion linguistically. In the meantime, I spent the weekend watching a party, i.e. attending an event of my wife’s family, pictures and video of which will not be posted in Facebook. To paraphrase Tom Lehrer, what’s next?

Anna Chronistic terms

I am a freelancer. This term is almost universally understood, even in languages other than English.  Yet, at the same term, the word refers to a no longer existing profession wiped out by changes in technology.  Specifically, in Europe for some three hundred years, through the 17^th century, more or less, a group of men that were armed and skilled in fighting with a lance wandered around Europe searching for paying clients and generally found them.  The mass production of simple powder weapons that took much less strength and training to master ended the value of their services.  Still, any person not receiving a salary that is searching physical or virtual space for paying clients is a freelancer, not matter which service s/he is offering.

Changes in written communication technology have also bypassed some vocabulary.  For example, if a person is penciled in to work on a given day, the chance that the name is written in pencil is small.  Today, computer technology is our book and keyboards are pencils. Likewise, it is common practice with emails to cc a person or persons if they should be informed of its content.  Curiously, carbon copies, made by putting a carbon sheet between sheets of paper in typewriters have gone the way of those typewriters, i.e. disappeared except as a quaint period piece. Still, we cc in emails.

The revolution in long distance communication has also left behind victims.  While we still refer to the process of starting a telephone conversation as dialing, people actually press buttons today. In fact, most of those under the age of 40 have no idea what to do with a real dial telephone.  In the world of banking, money using wire transfers, which were once upon a time notices by telegraph or similar direct line means.  In 2019, modern and even not so modern banks use the Internet htlml messages to communicate money transfers. Yet, they are still “wired” in language.

In terms of the order of matters, language is also lagging a bit behind reality. It is unwise to put the cart before the horse for obvious reasons, but except on Aran Island in Ireland and few isolated places, people travel by car and motorcycle, not horse and carriage.  Likewise, a person jumping the gun leaves too quickly.  Yet, at all track events I have seen in the past few years, the started is an electronic beep, not a person firing a gun.  Still, the expression remains.

You could conclude, to paraphrase Tolstoy in Anna Karenina, that all long-lasting expressions are alike: they transfer the meaning and moment of the term, even if that term is no longer in the moment, unlike most short-lived slang, which fails to get anchored in the language for many different reasons. These outdated but ever effective terms have the horsepower, strength, to retain their places in our thoughts.

Non-violent language

Words create images in our minds.  Some may be beautiful and pleasing, such as meadow or chocolate sundae, while others trigger negative emotions and frightening thoughts.  The latter group would include stabbing or humiliation. However, it should be noted that, in some cases, heavily laden words are used to describe perfectly innocuous concepts, far from their violent roots.

The oil source rapeseed is a prime example.  Rape is an act of dreaded act of violence and not a pleasant thought.  However, rapeseed oil is available in most supermarkets and is no less acceptable than its cousins, corn or palm oil. It comes from a plant group that includes mustard and, according to the Wikipedia, is the second most important source of protein in the world. While not exactly romantic, this rape is at least beneficial.

On a larger scale, riots are scary since they involve random, irrational and mass violence.  People only riot when matters have become truly bad economically or politically. The exact result is unpredictable but always destructive. Curiously, people refer to an amusing scene or set of events as a riot, meaning funny from beginning to end and worthy of telling to others. In most cases, the greatest damage involved is a bit of harm to a person’s ego. This riot is much milder than that of the source word.

Anybody that has the experience of walking in poor part of a city has feared being mugged, i.e. beaten and robbed.  It is a traumatic experience both physically and psychologically.  Yet, if the weather is muggy, it does not attack you physically.  Granted, the hot, wet air does not move, causing a person to sweat profusely and take many showers.  Still, such weather conditions are annoying, not threatening. All that a person loses is water.

Boys in elementary schools are not known for their social skills (and, in many cases, do not

significantly improve with age).  They tend to resolve issues directly, by punching.  A fist in the face leaves a mark, above and below the surface. For many adults, seeing a video of children fighting brings back unpleasant memories. However, both children and adults enjoy drinking punch, a cold spiced fruit drink, a rather different story.  In fact, the word punch in this case comes from Sanskrit and means “five”, referring to the five elements in it. Visually, this liquid punch is much more positive.

Torture is a scary thought, a torture in itself. Even if few have had to experience it, it is the stuff of nightmares. Strangely, tortuous, a similar sounding but differently spelled word, carries its stigma.  Alas, the latter word means very curvy, as in a road.  For most people, the way up to the mountain cabin may tortuous but does not strike great fear in them.

In a similar vein, in Anglo-Saxon society, cursing is disrespectful and unacceptable behavior.

This attitude does not mean that people do not do it but it is looked down upon, often selectively as George Carlin expressed so well in his routine The seven words you can’t say on TV.  Interestingly, the word cursor, with an “o”, produced almost 100 million results on Google. There is no shame in writing that word because it refers to the marker of the current position on the screen.  However, when people can’t find it, they have been known to become cursers, especially when their children are not in the room.

There is a strange dichotomy in the word accessory. In a criminal court, being an accessory to a murder or robbery is not much better than actually doing the deed. For example, the driver of a getaway car in a robbery is equally guilty in many legal systems. So, it is a word that many people in jail do not want to hear.  By contrast, women of all ages seem to enjoy buying an accessory to their wardrobe, which includes a scarf, belt, hat or any other object that will enhance it.  In contrast with their jail cousins, mainly male, most women smile when the thought of an accessory comes up.

So, words do have a direct impact on our mind through the images they create.  Some words carry highly negative connotations. Yet, like people, a few can reform and do good deeds, improving if not erasing their negative record. Once violent, these words do not have to remain violent.

Images from Pixibay

Executive order

Words can sound good or bad not just in the sense of their auditory quality but also in their associational impact. By the latter I mean the emotional feeling created by that word, or at least one meaning of the word.  Of course, most words are neutral in themselves but life experiences shade the word. For example, a book is stack of papers bound together but a person’s experience may make render the association either positive, a wonderful tranquil experience, or negative, the objects that made my life at school miserable.  In some cases, even without first experience, the mere picturing of the word creates negative impressions. For instance, almost none of us have witnessed an amputation but the image of saw and lots of blood makes the process rather scary and unpleasant.

An interesting example of the associational complexity is the word execute.  For the average person, this word brings up the image of person standing against the wall or sitting in an electric chair, reinforced by repeated images in movies and TV documentaries (Woody Allen’s Love and Death and The Green Mile immediately come to mind). Even the most unsophisticated understand that execution is a once in a lifetime experience of a particularly bad type. Thus, execution has gotten itself a bad name.

Law has reinforced this attitude, at least for some people.  To execute a judgment means to carry it out, as in placing a lien on a bank account or repossessing a car or house.  For the recipient, it is clearly a traumatic experience even if not entirely unexpected at the time. Combined with the word’s first context, execution of a court order sounds like a death sentence.  For that reason, in England and the United States but not France, it is called enforcement. As Hannah Arendt explained in With Eichmann in Jerusalem, it was psychologically much easier to carry out the final settlement than murder.

Curiously, if the context is clear enough and other words are added, execution becomes much more palatable: Sports teams must execute the coach’s plan to succeed; it is the job of the President to execute the law; all persons are entitled to execute their right of attorney.  Most people do not grimace when hearing such phrases since death is far from their thoughts when hearing them.

So, alas, a rose is not always a rose; sometimes it is a thorn bush either due to a bee sting or possibly an allergy to roses. The why of our emotional associations to words is complex but nobody can deny their existence.

Of words and truth

Can a name of an object be true or false or does custom determine its virtue. I was surprised that in a Plato dialogue Cratylus, cited in translation to English by Anne Fremantle in her Primer of Linguistics (1974), the issue of the essence of words was discussed. Interestingly enough, words were described as an instrument just as a shuttle or an awn. In other words, any person can use these tools but only experts know how to use them correctly. A linguistic example is the use of the word basically. While it does have a specific and correct meaning, many people throw it in as a breath stop, without meaning.

Plato through Socrates in the dialogue argues that instruments should be defined by the wise, i.e. experts in their use. In regards to words, he specifies politicians but apparently they were a bit more educated in his days. Nobody would praise the precision and truth of the words that politicians use today. The closest current institutions are the various national language institutions, such as in France and Israel but not in the United States. They attempt to establish correct usage and meaning, with varying degrees of success.

The problem is that language, including the name for an essence, is almost always established by popular consensus, i.e., how people use it.  A modern example is the acceptance of blog for web blog. No academy proposed or approved it but it is the correct word. On the other hand, funnest is still incorrect (as far as I know) even if thousands of children say it.

In terms of the classic debate between Hamilton and Jefferson, the people always decide but the former would say that they don’t always do correctly while the latter would say that argue collective wisdom. In other words, can one million references in Google be wrong? Yes and no. The debate continues.

Alphabet Soup

Learning languages sometimes involves learning different languages or, for languages using the same letters, different names.  For example, the letter e is said differently in English and French.  In further consideration of the matter, another interesting fact of letter names is that the same sound often has a meeting of its own, whether or not spelled in the same manner.  Of the twenty six letters in English, eighteen of the sounds are also words.  I identify the following as words in the dictionary:

A – Aye, I have a dollar.

B – A bee can be very busy.

C – I see your bet and raise you five dollars

G- Gee I am sorry for spilling your drink.

I – I use my eye to see.

J – The jay is a beautiful bird.

L – When in Chicago, you can take the el.

M – The em is a type of dash as compared to the

N –the en, the difference between them almost nobody knows.

O- Oh, I forgot my keys.

P-Beer makes me have to pee.

Q- Standing in queue is not my favorite activity

R- You are what you are.

(S) – Yiddish – Esse mein kindt – eat, my child)

T- Before going to the tee, we’ll have some tea.

U- You know about this one.

X-With the popularity of divorce, there are many exes out there.

Y- I don’t know why that is true.

The neglected letters are d, e, f, h, s, v, w, and z.

In a more polyglot vein, the Hebrew alphabet also has it sense – able side:

Bet – as in stupid in French, bēte

Hey – as Hey kid, wake up!

Vav – a hook in Hebrew because of the shape of the letter

Zi’in – the male sexual organ in Hebrew

Het – a sin in Hebrew

Tet – A head (anatomical) in French, tēte, as well as a famous Vietnamese month

Kaf – As in put your hand over your mouth when you cough

Mem – the same, mēme, in French

Nun – as in that famous western, High Noon

Ayin – an eye in Hebrew

Peh – mouth in Hebrew

Tzadik – a righteous one in Hebrew

Shin – as in don’t kick me in the shin

Sin – as in a Jew eating a ham and cheese sandwich on Yom Kippur

Next time, I’ll get back to words.

If you have any additions or comments, feel free to make them.