Intuitive vs logical – complementary and necessary grammar approaches

 

Mastering the grammar of any language involves both intuition and rules. Clearly, every language user relies more heavily on one approach but neither by itself is foolproof. Both students and teachers require reinforcement of the weaker sense in order to hone their knowledge of a language. For example, ESL students benefit from grammar teaching that strengthens both approaches. Likewise, ESL teachers, whether native or non-native speakers cannot depend on intuition or knowledge of rules alone to master grammar and must invest in complementing their knowledge. I can attest to that process as I view my career as an ESL teacher.

Clearly, a good ear and an analytical mind both aid in learning in English grammar. Due to the quantity of English language material available worldwide, both audio and written, students can and do access English material from an early age and develop an instinctive grasp of “what sounds good”, sometimes almost to the level of those living in an English-speaking country. However, the grammar, vocabulary and register of much of this material are often very low, e.g., rap songs and TikTok videos. Thus, the learner may normalize a very low level or even incorrect sentence structure. By contrast, the formal grammar rules provide a certain scaffolding for correct grammar use. However, they also add an additional layer of processing before producing the sentence, which reduces fluency and confidence. Furthermore, formal rules may lead to artificial speech, i.e., structure that does not actually reflect actual language use. For example, it is possible to ask the question “With whom am I speaking” but the vast majority of English speakers say “Who am I speaking with”. Thus, overly rule-based speakers sound rather unnatural in terms of fluency and structure. Thus, it is not advisable to rely on only one approach.

Consequently, ESL students benefit from grammar teaching that creates both confidence and formal structure. For those students that hesitate to express themselves because they lack confidence in their knowledge or feel a need to be perfect, it is important that ESL teachers encourage spontaneous speech based on intuition. The solution is to emphasize that the listener will most probably fully understand the meaning even if there are grammatical errors. Moreover, the formal error may actually be the far more common form. For example, Americans tend to use past simple instead of present perfect in situations describing current consequences to past actions. Compare UK “I have eaten lunch.” (and am not hungry) to US “I ate lunch.” For “natural” speakers, learning the rules helps them identify and rectify improper use and interference from their native language. For example, in formal language like means "similar to", not "such as", as it is used in conversational speech. To err is not only human but actually better for communication in terms of fluency and natural language while a little knowledge of the rules can help them reduce grammar errors that create interference with meaning.

This issue also affects ESL teachers and their mastery of the material. On the one hand, native-language English teachers may have a highly-developed “ear” for the correct form. However, they often lack a formal knowledge of the rules as English classes in the US and UK generally do not teach grammar rules. For such teachers, it is vital to actively study the formal rules and, just as importantly, their similarities and differences with the first language(s) of the students. The former is required in order to properly explain while the latter is necessary to “hook” that information into the minds of the students. On the other hand, many non-native speakers develop an excellent understanding of the former rules as they have learned them in ESL classes. Unfortunately, many teachers, especially from those countries where governments have limited travel to English-speaking countries, have far less developed awareness of how people actually speak. Furthermore, they often are unaware of the nuances of grammar, i.e., the unspoken meaning that a native speaker would naturally pick up. When a parent asks a 15-year-old American girl what she was doing at 3:00 in the morning, the issue goes far beyond her physical location at the time. Thus, a complete teacher not only knows the rules but also the practice.

My journey as an ESL teacher reflects this dual need. Having educated parents and being a reader, my English was quite proficient. Yet, I failed standardized English tests because, having dyslexia, I read sentences instead of words. I applied my intuitive skills, including predictive reading, to become a highly effective reader but a poor analyzer of sentences. When I became an ESL teacher, I invested significant time and effort to understand how to teach grammar. I first grasped the rules and then sought (and seek) ways to transmit this information to my students not only to help them understand the concepts but also intuitively apply them in their use of English. After more than 30 years of English, my fellow staff members consider me an expert on grammar, which I find quite amusing. I even view it as a revenge on my 11^th grade English teacher, who gave me a “D” in her class. Learning how to teach English is an ongoing process.

In summary, language knowledge is a mélange of intuitive and formal knowledge of grammar and structure. Either one by itself is not sufficient to produce high-level language. Every language learner begins the journey with different levels of competency in the two aspects. However, to create the best language, both have to work in concert. It takes two to tango.

Restaurants and location – in a different sense

 

There is something universal about eating in a restaurant. Wherever you may be, sitting down and having a meal in a restaurant is somehow familiar and comforting, regardless of the alien world outside the restaurant window. At the same time, restaurants also reflect local culture, culinary and other, making it an adventure to find a quality restaurant in an unfamiliar locale. In practice, the correlation between peripheries, quality and value is a local variation.

To demonstrate, last night my wife and I went out to dinner in order to support businesses in the hard-hit northern Galilee where I live as well as to give my wife a break from cooking. We went to a small restaurant called Mazaj in the nearby village of Rameh, a mixed village with Muslims, Christians and Druze. Upon arriving, the waiter brought over a dozen small bowels of various salads as well as pita bread. We ordered stuffed boneless chicken on a bed of long rice and almonds and baked Denis fish with French fries (or chips as they are known to the British). We also ordered a beer and soft drink. We concluded the meal with a cup of mint tea and a dessert called “Lebanese nights”, a light semolina cake with whipped cream and syrup. We were no longer hungry when we left.

To many abroad and even in Israel, on the outside, the restaurant does not appear to have great potential. It is located slightly off the main road of the village, next to an auto repair shop. The sign for the turn, which was never in great condition, has almost completely faded this winter. The room is spacious, featuring simple wooden tables and chairs. The waiters are typical for most of Israel: the good ones act like they have been on the job for three weeks while, in some establishments, one week seems more common. The menu and plating are simple and direct, not screaming out “sophistication”. As in most Galilee eating spots, you go there for the food, not the milieu.

By contrast, there is no questioning the quality of the raw material and cooking. The chicken was crispy on the outside and moist on the inside. The rice combination was tasty. The chef prepared my wife’s fish to perfection. The mint in the tea was clearly from the garden. The service was properly timed, i.e., allowing sufficient time to think, delivering the food nice and hot and clearing away the plates once it became clear we could no longer eat any more. The chef, who had appeared on television, greeted us when we entered, answered a question about an item on the menu and asked if we had enjoyed the meal as we left. The restaurant itself is clean and even enjoys a nice view of the setting sun. It is not an accident that we return to this restaurant and that it has survived both Corona and the recent war, events that have decimated the restaurant business in Israel, especially in the north.

As for value, the prices are quite reasonable for the area. In the restaurant business, local costs, including rent, food, labor costs and utilities, vary. Furthermore, the ability for people to eat in restaurants is dependent on their financial situation and income. As the Galilee is less developed, people eat out less and are less willing to spend 400-500 NIS for a meal for two ($130 and more). In this case, our meal cost 240 NIS, which is around 80 USD at today’s exchange (noting that the dollar-shekel exchange rate is at a historical low). For comparison’s sake, 2 McDonald’s McRoyal meals would cost around 108 NIS (35 USD) while 2 300-gr. Entrecote steaks at a chain go for 260 NIS. Thus, in terms of the quality-to-cost correlation, the meal was quite reasonable.

To be clear, locals and visitors eating in any of Tel Aviv’s many fine dining establishments would find much more elegant dining rooms and possibly more sophisticated food. They would also pay far higher prices without blinking an eye. Curiously, the added decor and price do not always guarantee any better food. As for the waiter, it is possible that the waiters are more proficient there. 

The correlation between the elements is quite different from what it is in the Galilee. These local distinctions also exist in other countries, e.g., Paris versus Brittany. Thus, location does have a significant impact on restaurants. Not only does it affect its success, it also influences customer expectations of décor, food and price value. In this case, as MacArthur said in a rather different context, I shall return.

Not as simple as it seems – the challenge of translating payslips

 

Most customers do not - and generally need not - understand the actual work process. Sometimes, this lack of knowledge impacts their price expectations. In this case, the service provider must provide some justification for charging an amount for a seemingly “simple” task. For example, private customers sometimes require translations of a series of payslips. To the uninitiated, while the first one may require a significant time investment, the additional slips involve very little effort. In fact, specifically because the forms are so similar but not identical, the later ones demand serious attention. The translator must look for expected and unexpected differences as well as perform a thorough QA on the document in order to avoid errors. All these efforts require time, which should be reflected in the price.

The most obviously challenging part of translating payslips is the original template. In the best possible world, it would be possible to use a conversion tool or AI that would automatically produce a usable template into which to enter the categories and numbers. Alas, in most cases, the template produced by these tools requires unreasonable time and effort to tweak. Even worse, the result is often not a visually exact replica of the original text. Furthermore, given that a translation may have a different number of characters, even significantly more in the case of Hebrew to English, the amount of space required for a given entry varies from translation to translation. Furthermore, the tools generally do not account for additional visual elements, such as shading and lines. Thus, in most cases, the translator has to manually build the template for the first payslip. Most customers understand this and take it into account when assessing the price.

The main issue revolves around the remaining payslips. While the form remains the same as well as some details, certain numbers predictably vary from month to month. Clearly, the payslip month and sometimes even year change, with this information generally appearing in several parts of the form. Likewise, service time increases in line with the date. On the financial side, the income numbers generally vary from month to month as do the quantity of hours of regular and overtime work. The cumulative pay numbers increase in accordance with the latest data. In addition, the summary of sick and vacation days changes according to their latest accumulation and usage. Finally, issuance and printing dates reflect the latest month. All this involves a methodical working through the form.

What is more challenging are the surprising changes. Income categories may come and go. For example, certain months include holidays, for which gift benefits show up in the payslip on a one-time basis. Sometimes, the employee receives a new or temporary benefit or loses a previously granted benefit. Thus, the number and type of benefits may vary from month to month. Employees occasionally change position, branch, home address and even bank. With all these numbers, it is surprisingly easy to miss a change in one number in a static data area. Employers occasionally add a short note to the employee regarding taxation, one that only appears in one payslip. Translators have to keep a keen eye for these among the sea of data.

Even when the translator finds all the differences, thorough editing is indispensable. Some of the common errors discovered in the first draft (hopefully) involve numbers. Notably, it is easy to switch two numbers, i.e., 4,214 instead of 4,124. Another minefield is the comma/period mistype. It is actually quite difficult to detect this error over a series of slips, e.g., 4.214 instead of 4,214 and 4,59 instead of 4.59. The risk is increased when translating forms from a language with a different set of punctuation rules, such as French to English. Finally, with so many details to which to pay attention, a translator can actually misspell a name in the first draft or change the spelling in another location in the document. Proper QA involves the careful checking of all these details.

Thus, translating payslips is ant work. This month, I told one of my customers that translating seemingly similar documents require great time and effort, with the quote reflecting those elements. The customer accepted my explanation. In practice, the project took as long as I predicted. Therefore, while there is no need to explain every detail of the work process, it is sometimes necessary to educate the customer to a certain degree. Not everything is as simple as meets the eye, especially to the unknowing.

Past and present – some global lessons from early American history

 

History classes are wasted on the young. Even if the formal history classes given to youth in each country focus on ideas, not dry facts, national educational systems tend to treat their national history as a unique, local and time-specific set of circumstances and ignore the universal human elements. For example, early US history, until the American Civil War, seems to involve a unique blend of elements: a distant, isolated continent; a relative but not entirely benevolent democracy in England; and the political complexity of disunited religious sects and native American tribes. On the other hand, certain dynamic factors shaped its development, elements that can affect history at any time and place. These factors include the sense of entitlement by the majority, the impact of governmental institutionalization of religion and the creation of existential intertribal conflict. A look at the world today provides clear evidence that these trends are as alive and well worldwide as they were several hundred years ago.

Early US history involved never-ending conflict, internal and external. Each of the original thirteen colonies was the product of a land grant from the British government to a group of religious “weirdos”, who did not wish to accept the authority of the Church of England. The most notable were the Quakers in Pennsylvania. They not only did not accept the authority of the official church but also rejected their fellow exiled sects in North America. As such, they experienced the consequences of state-recognized religion. British democracy at the time, even if rather liberal for its age, did not allow British non-landowners or women to vote, not to mention distant colonists. Thus, the American rebel slogan “no taxation without representation” is a complaint that the English government’s majority was imposing its will on a minority, a non-voting one at that. Consequently, when called upon to ratify the US Constitution, the voters insisted on minority protection in the first ten amendments to the US Constitution. The economic crises were often a result of the standard agricultural practice of its time (and still used in the Amazon): slash and burn. Settlers would cut down a forest, burn it and grow crops for seven years or so until the soil lost its fertility. The consequence of this practice was the constant need for virgin land, which was primarily east of the Appalachian Mountains. The British prevented expansion but once the new American republic was founded, the land rush began. The results were a series of wars between the Americans and Indians marked by cruelty and massacres by both sides. Some good-intentioned people tried to calm the spirits but ultimately to no avail. It became an “all or nothing” struggle, one that has left a legacy of hate and regret. All these struggles may sound limited to America of that time.

However, the concept of the tyranny of the majority remains an issue today. Many people ask whether having a majority of one in an elected body should allow the government to pass any law it wants. Many a dictatorship has developed or is developing from a democratically elected government, one law at a time. It appears that the Founding Fathers of America were correct to worry more about abuse of power than the inefficient use of power. The relevance of formal power limits remains.

As for religion, the separation of Church and State, an essential concept in American civil law, may not be popular among the most fervent religious believers. However, the national attitude towards religion seems to have an inverse relationship to its status in the government. Where religion is a private matter, it tends to thrive. For example, quite a high percentage of Americans have a marked religious identity. Where the religion becomes linked to government money and jobs, many people develop an antipathy towards the religion. It is amazing how fast the vast majority of Russians gave up Christianity after the Russian Revolution. As no religion is truly monolithic in its approach despite all of its efforts to enforce one, creating an official version tends to alienate dissenters and create conflict. As atheistic as the division of Church and State may sound, it actually strengthens religion.

One of the most tragic aspects of early American history is the wars between the Indians and Americans. The conflict was long and cruel. The leaders also framed it as “existential” as each group claimed that the land, all of it, belonged to it. Thus, as revenge led to revenge and more cruelty, politicians tapped into and fed this anger for their own purpose, creating a national tragedy. Even today, in certain parts of the United States, this hate remains for no reason and nobody’s benefit. It would be wonderful today to be able to state that such a struggle was an 18th-century phenomenon but today, unfortunately, there are too many violent and hateful ethnic struggles involving taking all the land and eliminating the enemy. Some politicians encourage this verbal and, far too often, physical violence, creating even more hatred. It takes courage to stand up and insist that the enemy is human also. That courage was lacking then and is lacking now.

History does not truly repeat itself as events occur in a specific set of circumstances. However, the forces shaping the dynamics of any particular situation exist at all times, generally latent, until conditions release them. As adults responsible for the future of our children, we need to study history to learn how to avoid releasing the forces of destruction and, maybe, just as important, how to unleash the powers of construction.

The best – in other words

 

Most people strive to be their best at something, with some making more effort than others. There was the Kobe Bryant principle: you have to invest 10,000 more hours than your closest competitor in order to stay at the top. Languages, of course, have numerous terms expressing that ideal state, including English. They refer to nature, height, relative status or personal comparison. As for which is the choicest expression, that is a matter of opinion.

Nature provides a rich source of comparison, even if the context does not always make sense. The cream of the crop and the borrowed French crème de la crème refer to the rich part that rises to the top of the milk, the tastiest bit. If someone is the cat’s whiskers or the cat’s meow, there is no better if you are a cat lover. Similarly, dog purchasers can fully understand the pick of the litter as not all dogs are born equal.  By contrast, regarding a bee’s knees, it is difficult to observe a bee’s knees or grasp their perfection, but that is the term. On the inanimate front, some people are the salt of the earth, which relates to the importance and rarity of salt in pre-refrigerator days, which also explains the word salary. Being the gold standard requires a bit of historical knowledge. It took a while before people trusted “greenbacks” as US paper bills were initially referred to (maybe similar to the attitude toward bitcoin today).  A strange expression from long ago is the best thing since sliced bread. I am too old for that to make any sense to me. However, when I was a kid, we used to refer to peers with extraordinary skill as hot shit, most curiously, a positive expression. The natural world is a rich source of vocabulary.

Of course, the best are always above the others as reflected in a plethora of comparative expressions. To be head and shoulders above everybody is even better than being second to none because the gap is larger. If a person is top-notch or tip-top, the endpoint of a literal or figurative scale, they reach where others cannot. Thus, we look up to them. On a classical note, a person that is the Mt. Olympus in his/her field is almost godlike. In a similar vein, a person can be a real Michael Jordan, Mark Spitz, Mickey Mantle or Michael Jackson, to name a few, who represent the pinnacle of success in their profession at a given time. Alas, age takes its toll. By contrast, if an object is isolated from contact with the environment, it can remain in mint condition, as perfect as it was when it was produced.  The point is that these people were the epitome of perfection in at least one aspect of their lives. The higher, the better.

Yet, success is relative. It is fantastic to be an all-star but it is better to be a GOAT, the greatest of all time. (Michael Jordan or LeBron James?) Likewise, to be recognized as a real pro is an honor but being called a pro’s pro is a cut above. Every student knows that parents appreciate the words “cum laude” but top of the class brings a shine to the face of the entire family (as well as leads to future scholarships and attractive jobs). Such people are in a class of their own. It is great to be a man among boys. Interestingly, as far as I have ever heard, nobody ever says a “woman among girls” but maybe I am wrong. For all I know, women may use it today to describe the queen of their circle. Success is relative

As Carly Simon sang so poignantly in the James Bond movie “The Spy Who Loved Me”, it can be said about some people in some areas of life that “nobody does it better”. Not only that, in English, it is possible to express that compliment in so many ways.

The mirage of infallibility – Freelancers and self-forgiveness

 

In 1869, the Catholic Church issued an edict that the Pope, whoever holds the office, is infallible, at least on certain matters under certain conditions. To everybody but the most devout Catholics, this doctrine sounds completely absurd as every person, regardless of his/her wisdom, makes errors of judgment. Yet, most freelancers crucify themselves every time their work is not perfect. For example, among translators, a series of mistranslations discovered by the customer can lead to a wrenching soul-searching experience and massive self-doubt. In reality, not all errors are of equal seriousness. Furthermore, customers do not automatically end their relationship after they discover the error. Most importantly, entrepreneurs need to learn to cope with these experiences as they do occur, hopefully rarely, even after years of experience.

Most freelancers strive for perfection, an impossible goal in most cases and one that is often not economically justified. Like all people, for whatever reason, they make errors sometimes. Some are minor transgressions that the only the service provider sees. For example, when using a given template that has been applied numerous times, the translator suddenly notices an incorrect term. The matter has no impact on the content but the fact that it took so long to notice raises doubts and is bothersome. On a more serious note, customers sometimes catch minor errors and ask for correction. Often these mistakes involve names, terminology and numbers, which can escape the eye of QA tools in translation. The worst case is when these customers discover major errors. In translation, these include missing text, retained elements that should not be in the applicable document and clear mistranslations. These capital errors can shake the freelancer’s foundation of self-belief as the question of “how did I miss that” cannot be avoided. Thus, not all mistakes are created equally.

Nor do all clients react the same. Clearly, the mistakes they did not see do not bother them. As for the minor ones, in my experience, while customers would prefer perfection, they are willing to forgive minor errors if the service provider remedies them promptly and professionally. The serious errors are another matter. Here, the reaction varies greatly. At the worst, the customer pays for the job after the corrections and never returns to the service provider. More often than not, if there is a previous record of solid work, customers come back, maybe because finding a potentially better service provider is not worth the effort. In the best case, the customer sees how the freelancer remedied the issues and now has a greater appreciation of his/her professional approach. In other words, the error, however regrettable, may actually build customer loyalty. Therefore, “getting caught” is not necessarily an unmitigated disaster.

The greatest impact of making mistakes is on service providers themselves. Two essential elements of professional work and success are caring about quality and confidence in one’s ability. The discovery of errors, whether minor or major, stimulates the first and jars the second. The physical proof that, despite all one’s knowledge and efforts, such errors reached the customer is very disturbing. For many freelancers without support systems, it leads to serious self-doubt and even depression. After all, they are supposed to be the professionals, the knowledgeable ones. They may be mitigating circumstances, whether deadlines or lack of instructions, but that does not excuse the failure. The psychological cost of being less than perfect is often higher than the financial one.

As I look at my career, I see great progress in how I have come to accept my rare failings. Some twenty years ago, after I submitted a far more ideal translation, I felt depressed for over a week. I questioned whether I should continue in this profession. By contrast, recently, I submitted a translation of several complex official documents, some of them with handwritten text. The customer checked them and found several minor errors, mainly names. I calmly corrected them and resubmitted them. He paid me and appreciated the professional service. I focused my thoughts on how I could avoid such errors in the future, a constructive approach, and went on to my other work. I did not pose questions about my ability. I have learned from experience.

In summary, it is absurd to believe that any person, no matter how knowledgeable and experienced s/he may be, can achieve perfection. To err is human. While freelancers should always strive to achieve the best possible results, errors will sometimes occur due to circumstances and human limitations. In such cases, it is healthier, both on a business and personal level, to focus on remedying the issues, learning from them and moving on. By the way, even the Papal edict on infallibility did not apply to the Pope’s personal actions. Freelancers – forgive yourself.

Ageful words

 

Apparently, human beings are inherent librarians: they need to classify the people around them, divide and conquer if you will.  Clearly, one of the main criteria is age. English, like most languages, has a rich vocabulary to specify the age of a person. Some are more general; some are more specific, or at least try to be; others express some kind judgment of relationship. These words define us and those that describe us.

In general, human beings are grossly divided into children, adults, and the elderly.  People break up these large generalizations into developmental groups. At one end are infants and toddlers. At some point, they become adolescents, adults and eventually senior citizens. In general, pre-adults want to become grown-ups at some time or another. Another method is to refer to their educational or occupational status. Starting from preschoolers, children become primary or elementary school children, junior high schoolers, senior high schoolers and sometimes college students. For greater specificity, parents and teachers refer to the actual grade, e.g., 5^th graders. Statisticians use the term working-age adults to describe that long period between school and retirement.  Once people stop working, they become pensioners or retirees. In some societies, the older folk are called elders as in "Respect your elders". When school or age is a bit vague, decades will do the job. Someone is in their teens or 20’s, for example. These terms are rather objective in their meaning, without being judgmental.

However, many age-related words in English carry implications, whether about the user or the intended person. The common word kid implies that the person in question is not an adult, which may be fine or may suggest immaturity on that person’s part or an inability or lack of desire to make changes. It is not the same when a child says, “Let’s sit at the kids’ table” as when an older person scowls and says, “Those kids annoy me,” or parents say of their children over the age of 30, “The kids are coming over for dinner.” In a later period of life, the term teenager has a negative image, implying annoying and unpleasant behavior. Teenagers do not refer to themselves as teenagers. Likewise, only educators and grandparents refer to older adolescents as a “young man” or “young woman”. Similarly, no person in their teens has ever said, “I am a youth”. Judgments don’t improve later in life. Being middle-aged does not refer to an actual age. It means no longer young and going downhill. The elderly are considered weak and a bit sick. As for older people, primarily younger people use that, and at their risk. It is very difficult to be politically correct when using these terms.

Thus, ageism and age-words accompany us throughout our lives. We, the objects of the terms, can only choose how we react to them. Curiously, I do not know how I would describe myself.  I am 65 years old and still working. Childhood and even middle age are behind me; retirement and serious disability are still in the future. I like to say that I have reached the age of respect, i.e., people make allowances for me, such as giving me a seat on the bus, because of my age. Ultimately, we are who we are at any given moment; the relevant word depends on the actual circumstances but does not make any difference. Yet, that truth will never stop people from categorizing you. They can’t help it.